The US Treasury on Monday announced that Indonesia will forgive $35 million of debt over nine years. In return, Indonesia will undertake efforts to restore and protect coral reefs in the world’s most biodiverse ocean region.
Coral reefs face increasing threats globally, largely from climate change-induced rising sea temperatures. Recent data indicates significant heat stress affecting nearly two-thirds of reefs in the past year, potentially causing bleaching and mortality.
This agreement marks the fourth “debt-for-nature” swap between the two nations since 2009. It aims to finance conservation efforts in key areas of the ‘Coral Triangle’ for at least 15 years.
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“These two regions are both at the epicentre of biodiversity,” said Alexandre Portnoi, a legal advisor with Conservation International who helped organise the deal.
Indonesia has previously engaged in debt swaps with the US in 2009, 2011, and 2014, accumulating nearly $70 million over time.
This latest swap diverges from past agreements by focusing on coral reefs rather than Indonesia’s endangered rainforests, threatened by expanding palm oil plantations.
Unlike rainforests, reefs are more challenging to conserve nationally due to their vulnerability to global greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion, a global issue beyond Indonesia’s control.
Nevertheless, the agreement, signed last week and announced Monday, aims to make a meaningful impact.